Chilgoza Pine: A Comprehensive Review on Ecology, Cultivation, and Economic Potential of an Underutilized Nut Crop

Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana L.) is an underutilized nut crop native to the high-altitude regions of South Asia, particularly the western Himalayas. This comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of Chilgoza pine's ecology, cultivation practices, and economic potential. The review synthesizes current knowledge on the tree’s ecological requirements, including its adaptation to arid and mountainous environments. It examines cultivation techniques, challenges faced in agronomic practices, and recent advancements in improving yield and quality. Additionally, the economic potential of Chilgoza pine is explored, highlighting its role in local economies, market trends, and opportunities for commercialization. This review underscores the significance of Chilgoza pine in sustainable agriculture and its potential as a high-value nut crop.