Symbiont Localization and Nature of Effector Molecules Generated in Malaria Vector-symbiont Relationships

The field of mosquito vector symbiosis is largely unexplored and yet it is likely that in the near future it will provide valuable opportunities for malaria control. Symbiont based malaria control approaches are gaining acceptance worldwide and there is need for detailed review to open up new research frontiers. Malaria vector symbionts localize in different parts of Anopheles mosquitoes and express proteins as effector molecules some with anti-Plasmodial effects. The types of effector molecules, their mode of action and site of action need to be elucidated. Microbial symbiotic species diversity and preferred locations in the malaria vector have not been adequately studied to understand the mode of transmission among vector species and from generation to generation. This is necessary for a better understanding of the behaviour and biology of symbionts before designing and executing symbiotic control strategies. The review highlights important developments in the dynamics of transmission of symbionts in malaria vector populations. The review forms a useful guide in the search and deployment of paratransgenic mosquitoes in symbiotic control of malaria. Aspects that require further elucidation by innovative research and new opportunities to exploit in malaria control are highlighted.